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Democracy","L",1777379931654,[628,208,128],"[\"DOC_LIST_DIRECTORY\",\"hm://z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb/blog\",\"Children\"]",{"_276":886,"_410":892,"_413":894},{"_278":887,"_395":396,"_397":891,"_399":-5,"_400":68,"_401":68,"_402":68,"_403":-5,"_404":-5,"_405":30,"_406":407,"_408":409},{"_43":210,"_45":888,"_217":890},{"_209":112,"_262":124,"_45":263,"_125":889,"_264":-5,"_265":-5,"_266":-5,"_267":-5},[],{"_176":219,"_220":221,"_222":223,"_224":225,"_226":227,"_572":-5},1777379931646,[893,124],"ACCOUNT","[\"ACCOUNT\",\"z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb\"]",{"_276":896,"_410":959,"_413":960},{"_278":897,"_395":396,"_397":958,"_399":-5,"_400":68,"_401":68,"_402":68,"_403":-5,"_404":-5,"_405":30,"_406":407,"_408":409},{"_43":32,"_32":898,"_45":956},{"_34":899,"_209":661,"_210":124,"_211":950,"_125":951,"_213":670,"_215":952,"_217":953,"_228":954,"_250":671,"_252":955,"_256":257},[900,907,916,930],{"_37":901,"_41":902},[],{"_43":58,"_45":903,"_47":661,"_49":904,"_51":905,"_53":906,"_55":56},"nOZ4ZaaP",{},[],"Sesión 1",{"_37":908,"_41":909},[],{"_43":910,"_45":911,"_47":661,"_49":912,"_51":914,"_53":56,"_55":915},"Embed","S6kyUAMU",{"_913":117},"view",[],"hm://z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb/mejores-empresas-mejor-democracia/iv-edicion/sesion-1",{"_37":917,"_41":925},[918],{"_37":919,"_41":920},[],{"_43":910,"_45":921,"_47":661,"_49":922,"_51":923,"_53":56,"_55":924},"AnYbRLnj",{"_913":117},[],"hm://z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb/mejores-empresas-mejor-democracia/iv-edicion/sesion-2",{"_43":58,"_45":926,"_47":661,"_49":927,"_51":928,"_53":929,"_55":56},"379IAXVW",{"_61":62},[],"Sesión 2",{"_37":931,"_41":945},[932,939],{"_37":933,"_41":934},[],{"_43":910,"_45":935,"_47":661,"_49":936,"_51":937,"_53":56,"_55":938},"cuRyjsN8",{"_913":117},[],"hm://z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb/mejores-empresas-mejor-democracia/iv-edicion/sesion-3",{"_37":940,"_41":941},[],{"_43":44,"_45":942,"_47":661,"_49":943,"_51":944,"_53":56,"_55":56},"nPFZQ9UJ",{},[],{"_43":58,"_45":946,"_47":661,"_49":947,"_51":948,"_53":949,"_55":56},"OJNa4f-Y",{"_61":62},[],"Sesión 3",[124],"/mejores-empresas-mejor-democracia/iv-edicion","2026-03-25T11:33:46.967Z",{"_176":681,"_222":682},{},{"_250":671,"_254":679},{"_45":658,"_262":124,"_125":957,"_209":661,"_264":-5,"_265":-5,"_266":-5,"_267":-5,"_261":6},[126,660],1777379931668,[412,658,661,6],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb/mejores-empresas-mejor-democracia/iv-edicion\",\"bafy2bzaceao32tuausiwyt52ci7ttwkj4nhqaseq6jjxh7kf2bsf5psdc5guo\",true]",{"_276":962,"_410":1127,"_413":1128},{"_278":963,"_395":396,"_397":958,"_399":-5,"_400":68,"_401":68,"_402":68,"_403":-5,"_404":-5,"_405":30,"_406":407,"_408":409},{"_43":32,"_32":964,"_45":1125},{"_34":965,"_209":688,"_210":124,"_211":1119,"_125":1120,"_213":697,"_215":1121,"_217":1122,"_228":1123,"_250":698,"_252":1124,"_256":257},[966,979,986,1007,1021,1098,1112],{"_37":967,"_41":968},[],{"_43":44,"_45":969,"_47":698,"_49":970,"_51":971,"_53":978,"_55":56},"aJNILk1N",{},[972],{"_43":74,"_66":973,"_69":975,"_49":977,"_55":56},[974],22,[976],32,{},"Nuestro objetivo como think tank es fomentar un espacio de deliberación pública de confianza y respeto mutuo, donde los participantes puedan expresas libremente sus ideas sin que sus identidades sean reveladas o sus opiniones individualizadas sean atribuidas públicamente. El elemento diferencial de este foro de deliberación es la incorporación de la variable ética en las discusiones. ",{"_37":980,"_41":981},[],{"_43":44,"_45":982,"_47":698,"_49":983,"_51":984,"_53":985,"_55":56},"gqAWtuzU",{},[],"A continuación resumimos los elementos de nuestra política",{"_37":987,"_41":1002},[988,995],{"_37":989,"_41":990},[],{"_43":44,"_45":991,"_47":698,"_49":992,"_51":993,"_53":994,"_55":56},"dnkEgpBJ",{},[],"Las deliberaciones en grupos y la puesta en común final será grabado con fines internos y de documentación para la elaboración de informes de conclusiones. Las grabaciones de audio de las deliberaciones y la puesta en común estarán restringidas al equipo de Ethosfera que está a cargo de la redacción y análisis de las discusiones, y no se compartirán ni publicarán bajo ninguna circunstancia. Al inicio de cada sesión, los participantes serán informados sobre la grabación y podrán optar por no ser grabados en momentos específicos, si así lo prefieren. ",{"_37":996,"_41":997},[],{"_43":44,"_45":998,"_47":698,"_49":999,"_51":1000,"_53":1001,"_55":56},"TK7MQn_H",{},[],"La ponencia principal se grabará con el objetivo de redistribuirla a través del sitio web y los canales de redes sociales de Ethosfera en forma de videopodcast. Se informará a los ponentes con antelación sobre la grabación y podrán optar por no ser grabados si así lo prefieren. ",{"_43":58,"_45":1003,"_47":698,"_49":1004,"_51":1005,"_53":1006,"_55":56},"NXu9VqmN",{"_61":62},[],"1. Grabación de las sesiones",{"_37":1008,"_41":1016},[1009],{"_37":1010,"_41":1011},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1012,"_47":698,"_49":1013,"_51":1014,"_53":1015,"_55":56},"r9_QSbW-",{},[],"De acuerdo con esta política, los participantes podrán utilizar y referirse a las ideas y conclusiones compartidas durante la sesión, pero sin atribuir directamente esas ideas a ninguna person a ni mencionar la identidad de los participantes. Esta regla de atribución permite la libre circulación de información derivada de la sesión sin comprometer la identidad de quienes contribuyeron, respetando así su privacidad y fomentando la participación honesta. ",{"_43":58,"_45":1017,"_47":698,"_49":1018,"_51":1019,"_53":1020,"_55":56},"S0XD9T33",{"_61":62},[],"2. Reglas de atribución",{"_37":1022,"_41":1093},[1023,1030,1044,1058,1072],{"_37":1024,"_41":1025},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1026,"_47":698,"_49":1027,"_51":1028,"_53":1029,"_55":56},"Sxrf0aUr",{},[],"Ethosfera elaborará un informe final de conclusiones basado en las discusiones de las sesiones. Este informe será de acceso público y orientado a presentar los temas principales, conclusiones y posibles recomendaciones sin revelar identidades específicas de los participantes. Además, para dar visibilidad a la iniciativa y fomentar el debate público, se generarán los siguientes materiales audiovisuales: ",{"_37":1031,"_41":1039},[1032],{"_37":1033,"_41":1034},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1035,"_47":698,"_49":1036,"_51":1037,"_53":1038,"_55":56},"lYt5u1K8",{},[],"Un video de 50 segundo que presenta la iniciativa en conjunto, con una introducción de Elena Herrero-Beaumont, directora de Ethosfera. Este video inlcuirá recursos visuales de ponentes, asistentes y momentos de cóctel.",{"_43":58,"_45":1040,"_47":698,"_49":1041,"_51":1042,"_53":1043,"_55":56},"3vWS_ug9",{"_61":62},[],"Video general de la iniciativa",{"_37":1045,"_41":1053},[1046],{"_37":1047,"_41":1048},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1049,"_47":698,"_49":1050,"_51":1051,"_53":1052,"_55":56},"wqalHn2j",{},[],"Un video que consiste en la grabación entera del diálogo entre los ponentes principales de cada sesión. ",{"_43":58,"_45":1054,"_47":698,"_49":1055,"_51":1056,"_53":1057,"_55":56},"qumt7C9L",{"_61":62},[],"Video de la ponencia principal",{"_37":1059,"_41":1067},[1060],{"_37":1061,"_41":1062},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1063,"_47":698,"_49":1064,"_51":1065,"_53":1066,"_55":56},"8nOLM3CY",{},[],"Durante el cóctel, se recopilarán testimonios en video de los asistentes y participantes, los cuales serán editados y formateados para ajustarse a futuras estrategias de difusión. ",{"_43":58,"_45":1068,"_47":698,"_49":1069,"_51":1070,"_53":1071,"_55":56},"7fR3EG8S",{"_61":62},[],"Grabación de testimonios breves",{"_37":1073,"_41":1088},[1074,1081],{"_37":1075,"_41":1076},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1077,"_47":698,"_49":1078,"_51":1079,"_53":1080,"_55":56},"ajLcW8T2",{},[],"Se tomarán fotografías durante el evento para documentar la participación y el desarrollo de las sesiones, las cuales se utilizarán en publicaciones de Ethosfera y en redes sociales. ",{"_37":1082,"_41":1083},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1084,"_47":698,"_49":1085,"_51":1086,"_53":1087,"_55":56},"9hRg5z32",{},[],"Todos estos materiales serán preparados para su difusión en los canales oficiales de Ethosfera y en redes sociales, siguiendo la misma norma de no atribución directa a los participantes y respetando su anonimatos. El enfoque visual permite expandir el impacto de la iniciativa, presentando los contenidos y conclusiones de manera atractiva para un público amplio, mientras se representa la confidencialidad de los asistentes.",{"_43":58,"_45":1089,"_47":698,"_49":1090,"_51":1091,"_53":1092,"_55":56},"HDnWoFDN",{"_61":62},[],"Fotografías",{"_43":58,"_45":1094,"_47":698,"_49":1095,"_51":1096,"_53":1097,"_55":56},"stEz1nia",{"_61":62},[],"3. Publicación del informe de conclusiones y material audiovisual resultante de la sesión",{"_37":1099,"_41":1107},[1100],{"_37":1101,"_41":1102},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1103,"_47":698,"_49":1104,"_51":1105,"_53":1106,"_55":56},"tCTPljIo",{},[],"Para dar continuidad a la deliberación y permitir un intercambio de ideas a largo plazo, Ethosfera ofrecerá acceso a la comunidad de Mejores Empresas, Mejor Democracia a un espacio de debate online en Seed Hypermedia, un plataforma descentralizada. Esta plataforma permitirá a los participantes seguir colaborando, compartiendo puntos de vista y construyendo cobre las ideas de la sesión inicial de manera segura y privada. Cada usuario podrá interactuar bajo un pseudónimo, si así lo desea, para garantizar la confidencialidad y la libertad de expresión. Las contribuciones en esta plataforma seguirán los mismos principios de no atribución establecidos en la Política de Deliberación Publica de Ethosfera. ",{"_43":58,"_45":1108,"_47":698,"_49":1109,"_51":1110,"_53":1111,"_55":56},"I3mEkslQ",{"_61":62},[],"4. Continuación de la deliberación online a través de Seed Hypermedia",{"_37":1113,"_41":1114},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1115,"_47":698,"_49":1116,"_51":1117,"_53":1118,"_55":56},"dWmsbJQy",{},[],"Esta política respalda los principios de Ethosfera para promover un diálogo constructivo y seguro, preservando la integridad y privacidad de todos los participantes. ",[124],"/mejores-empresas-mejor-democracia/politica-de-la-deliberacion-publica-de-ethosfera","2026-01-08T12:12:52.072Z",{"_176":707,"_222":708},{},{"_250":698,"_254":705},{"_45":685,"_262":124,"_125":1126,"_209":688,"_264":-5,"_265":-5,"_266":-5,"_267":-5,"_261":6},[126,687],[412,685,688,6],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb/mejores-empresas-mejor-democracia/politica-de-la-deliberacion-publica-de-ethosfera\",\"bafy2bzaceaam4mci3nu7yyv7zo67ttqzv3mo47hzpneqovtsiar6ucm4gwykk\",true]",{"_276":1130,"_410":1434,"_413":1435},{"_278":1131,"_395":396,"_397":1433,"_399":-5,"_400":68,"_401":68,"_402":68,"_403":-5,"_404":-5,"_405":30,"_406":407,"_408":409},{"_43":32,"_32":1132,"_45":1431},{"_34":1133,"_209":714,"_210":124,"_211":1425,"_125":1426,"_213":723,"_215":1427,"_217":1428,"_228":1429,"_250":724,"_252":1430,"_256":257},[1134,1199],{"_37":1135,"_41":1193},[1136,1147,1159,1171,1182],{"_37":1137,"_41":1138},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1139,"_47":724,"_49":1140,"_51":1141,"_53":1146,"_55":56},"yaeC5mxk",{},[1142],{"_43":65,"_66":1143,"_69":1144,"_49":1145,"_55":56},[68],[974],{},"El diálogo argumentado: La argumentación es lo más esencial, y según Habermas la única fuerza relevante en la deliberación es la fuerza del argumento.",{"_37":1148,"_41":1149},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1150,"_47":724,"_49":1151,"_51":1152,"_53":1158,"_55":56},"P2B7CooZ",{},[1153],{"_43":65,"_66":1154,"_69":1155,"_49":1157,"_55":56},[68],[1156],26,{},"La participación inclusiva: Las partes involucradas en la deliberación son un factor importante para garantizar su legitimidad y éxito. Desde una perspectiva socio- política, la deliberación pública debe incluir a participantes que representen un amplio espectro de individuos, desde ciudadanos comunes hasta decisores en ámbitos estratégicos de decisión, quienes deberían tener dentro de esa deliberación el mismo estatus y oportunidad de participación.",{"_37":1160,"_41":1161},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1162,"_47":724,"_49":1163,"_51":1164,"_53":1170,"_55":56},"R2u3vlmf",{},[1165],{"_43":65,"_66":1166,"_69":1167,"_49":1169,"_55":56},[68],[1168],39,{},"Los principios del proceso deliberativo: el respeto, la apertura mental, una disposición a escuchar y la empatía. Tener una mente abierta permite a los participantes no aferrarse demasiado a sus propias opiniones para que puedan cambiarlas si se les presentan argumentos para hacerlo. Sin embargo, la apertura mental no debe confundirse con el rechazo de los intereses propios. De hecho, se ha argumentado que la incorporación de los intereses propios ayuda a que la deliberación resulte en el bien común más equitativo.",{"_37":1172,"_41":1173},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1174,"_47":724,"_49":1175,"_51":1176,"_53":1181,"_55":56},"3gRi2pIV",{},[1177],{"_43":65,"_66":1178,"_69":1179,"_49":1180,"_55":56},[68],[974],{},"Expertos y moderadores: Para que la deliberación sea más efectiva, además de un grupo inclusivo de participantes, ha de incluir expertos y moderadores que puedan ayudar a guiar la discusión.",{"_37":1183,"_41":1184},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1185,"_47":724,"_49":1186,"_51":1187,"_53":1192,"_55":56},"RSK2jLQJ",{},[1188],{"_43":65,"_66":1189,"_69":1190,"_49":1191,"_55":56},[68],[145],{},"Objetivo último de la deliberación: La deliberación puede responder a varios objetivos: alcanzar consensos, negociar intereses y puntos de vista, o simplemente generar inteligencia colectiva.",{"_43":58,"_45":1194,"_47":724,"_49":1195,"_51":1197,"_53":1198,"_55":56},"gdfq3QUa",{"_61":1196},"Ordered",[],"Cinco elementos de una deliberación ética",{"_37":1200,"_41":1420},[1201,1214,1221,1229,1236,1257,1271,1292,1406],{"_37":1202,"_41":1203},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1204,"_47":1205,"_49":1206,"_51":1207,"_53":1213,"_55":56},"Wq-gwsTk","bafy2bzaceann7tiwll3oocfult2mblbvxj2lvisuzpzghz6yprzeluzmyesvy",{},[1208],{"_43":74,"_66":1209,"_69":1210,"_49":1212,"_55":56},[90],[1211],54,{},"Ethosfera ofrece un método propio –Do the Right Think©– que incorpora la dimensión ética en la toma de decisiones estratégicas. Se trata de una herramienta diseñada para ayudar a decisores públicos y privados a pensar bien ante dilemas complejos, deliberando sobre la mejor información disponible, integrando una pluralidad de voces y aplicando sistemas de razonamiento moral y ético.",{"_37":1215,"_41":1216},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1217,"_47":1205,"_49":1218,"_51":1219,"_53":1220,"_55":56},"cWmAmIbi",{},[],"La deliberación ética se lleva a cabo en las sesiones plenarias del consejo y en las reuniones de la alta dirección. También puede llevarse a cabo en sesiones más participativas de distintos departamentos de la empresa y con stakeholders externos. ",{"_37":1222,"_41":1223},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1224,"_47":1225,"_49":1226,"_51":1227,"_53":1228,"_55":56},"XcyJ8Fa8","bafy2bzaceczslpxhwje43h4fbs2gdalx77kdqal3y2tj2z2arsvhk5peiwbaq",{},[],"Las sesiones incluyen presentaciones teóricas, procedimientos pactados que aseguran la participación de cada miembro en una atmósfera de confianza y respeto mutuo. Cada sesión está centrada en un problema, oportunidad o desafío específico.",{"_37":1230,"_41":1231},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1232,"_47":1205,"_49":1233,"_51":1234,"_53":1235,"_55":56},"qmCJ3OGe",{},[],"Este método está compuesto por los siguientes fases:",{"_37":1237,"_41":1252},[1238,1245],{"_37":1239,"_41":1240},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1241,"_47":1225,"_49":1242,"_51":1243,"_53":1244,"_55":56},"4K5AIanY",{},[],"El primer elemento del método tiene que ver con la identificación y selección de las personas o entidades relevantes para afrontar el problema, oportunidad o desafío, aquellas que pueden influir o verse afectadas por la decisión final. Ello requiere una evaluación de los diversos grupos de interés y la identificación de aquellos que son capaces de representar a su grupo o colectivo en la deliberación orientada a una decisión estratégica.",{"_37":1246,"_41":1247},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1248,"_47":1205,"_49":1249,"_51":1250,"_53":1251,"_55":56},"Q66tqTH8",{},[],"En los foros de Ethosfera, reunimos en la misma sala a expertos de diversos sectores como la Alta Administración del Estado, empresarios, sociedad civil, y expertos en filosofía y ética empresarial, así como a un moderador que dirigirá la sesión en su totalidad. ",{"_43":58,"_45":1253,"_47":1225,"_49":1254,"_51":1255,"_53":1256,"_55":56},"TgLlhVTr",{"_61":62},[],"1. Selección de los deliberantes",{"_37":1258,"_41":1266},[1259],{"_37":1260,"_41":1261},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1262,"_47":1225,"_49":1263,"_51":1264,"_53":1265,"_55":56},"jVICEB1G",{},[],"En esta fase desarrollamos un análisis de la situación con datos y tendencias relevantes que compartimos con los participantes con antelación. En el análisis de la información relevante, los deliberantes tienen que ser capaces de ejercitar la virtud de la excelencia intelectual, que reúne la curiosidad y la apertura mental. La curiosidad tiene que ver con la disposición a aprender, y la apertura mental implica tener una actitud receptiva hacia nueva información y sobre todo hacia diversos puntos de vista. Lo opuesto a esta excelencia intelectual puede considerarse como una “autosuficiencia intelectual”, en la que las personas muestran falta de interés con respecto a nueva información y se sienten amenazadas por otros puntos de vista que difieren de los suyos (Baron, 2013; Gini & Green, 2013; Liautaud, 2021).",{"_43":58,"_45":1267,"_47":1225,"_49":1268,"_51":1269,"_53":1270,"_55":56},"LBH0uYaB",{"_61":62},[],"2. Análisis del contexto ",{"_37":1272,"_41":1287},[1273,1280],{"_37":1274,"_41":1275},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1276,"_47":1205,"_49":1277,"_51":1278,"_53":1279,"_55":56},"qjjGoZeQ",{},[],"En este elemento se aborda la dimensión moral del problema. En esta parte brotan las intuiciones morales subjetivas de los diversos participantes en la deliberación, una noción fundamental asociada con la “conciencia moral” (Rest, 1986). A veces se describe como el “reconocimiento de un dilema moral” (Woiceshyn, 2011) o la “identificación del problema moral” (Countess of Frederiksborg & Fort, 2017). ",{"_37":1281,"_41":1282},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1283,"_47":1205,"_49":1284,"_51":1285,"_53":1286,"_55":56},"gA55Ra8z",{},[],"Reconocer que el tema sobre el que se va a deliberar tiene un componente moral es un paso necesario para garantizar la variable ética en la toma de decisiones. Cuando los deliberantes no reconocen la naturaleza moral de una situación y sólo consideran los factores económicos que están en juego, se hace inviable el pensamiento ético (Miller et al., 2014). Comprender la dimensión moral del asunto depende de los niveles de conciencia moral de cada uno de los participantes en el proceso deliberativo. Estos niveles pueden mejorarse a través de la formación ética. La conciencia moral no es lo mismo que una conducta ética, y aunque es un componente crítico, debe considerarse como el punto de partida para el resto del proceso decisorio (Miller et al., 2014).",{"_43":58,"_45":1288,"_47":1225,"_49":1289,"_51":1290,"_53":1291,"_55":56},"bP9hp9Lk",{"_61":62},[],"3. Identificación y reflexión acerca de la dimensión moral",{"_37":1293,"_41":1401},[1294,1301,1308,1316,1344,1365,1379],{"_37":1295,"_41":1296},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1297,"_47":1225,"_49":1298,"_51":1299,"_53":1300,"_55":56},"pwtZL2RV",{},[],"En este punto los deliberantes se dividen un subgrupos que incluyan las distintas de categorías de los grupos de interés. En cada grupo habrá un moderador y un portavoz. Ante situaciones de gran incertidumbre o complejidad, es útil recurrir a diversas perspectivas racionales y sistemáticas desarrolladas por quienes dedicaron su vida a discernir lo bueno de lo malo con aspiración de alcanzar un marco objetivo o universalizable. A través de la deliberación ética que proponemos bajo este método, logramos una inmersión en la forma de pensar y en la búsqueda colectiva de resoluciones con vocación de imparcialidad, que trascienden la subjetividad de cada uno de los actores en el grupo (Baron, 2013; Sandel, 2010). En la práctica este ejercicio de filosofía aplicada se está llevando a cabo de una manera más o menos consciente en el campo de las decisiones empresariales. A través de la reflexión filosófica hacemos explícitos ciertos sistemas que permean nuestro razonamiento orientado a la acción (Drašček et al., 2021)",{"_37":1302,"_41":1303},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1304,"_47":1225,"_49":1305,"_51":1306,"_53":1307,"_55":56},"P-702qFW",{},[],"Se delibera incorporando diversos sistemas de razonamiento moral y ético. En la primera sesión de la II Edición del foro Mejores Empresas, Mejor Democracia, los filósofos Diego Garrocho y Jorge Úbeda abordaron los principales sistemas éticos que sirven de base para una deliberación ética:",{"_37":1309,"_41":1310},[],{"_43":1311,"_45":1312,"_47":1225,"_49":1313,"_51":1314,"_53":56,"_55":1315},"Video","-8dzuY0C",{"_61":62},[],"https://www.youtube.com/embed/bIRMK_vKdVs",{"_37":1317,"_41":1339},[1318,1325,1332],{"_37":1319,"_41":1320},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1321,"_47":1225,"_49":1322,"_51":1323,"_53":1324,"_55":56},"aVbdjMXO",{},[],"No hay liderazgo ético sin el cultivo de un carácter ético: es la vieja verdad de Aristóteles que se conserva en pie después de más de dos milenios. El carácter ético consiste en el ejercicio de aquellos hábitos por los que controlamos nuestras emociones y logramos la virtud ética superior, la serenidad, necesaria para una vida feliz. Además, el carácter se completa con el ejercicio de la prudencia, que no es más que la sabiduría práctica del que ha aprendido a deliberar sobre todas aquellas posibilidades que se le presentan, eligiendo lo mejor y movilizando las virtudes éticas para lograrlo.",{"_37":1326,"_41":1327},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1328,"_47":1225,"_49":1329,"_51":1330,"_53":1331,"_55":56},"4MDjf5b6",{},[],"Ahora bien, la deliberación no es solo un proceso individual, sino social porque a la hora de saber qué hacer atendemos a las distintas concepciones del bien que encontramos en la vida compartida y sopesamos cuáles de ellas son más adecuadas para responder al reto ético planteado. Cuando buscamos consejo acerca de lo que hacer, no hacemos otra cosa que deliberar, esto es ponderar las distintas razones para actuar y así aumentar la probabilidad de acertar. Una de las principales instituciones de la Atenas democrática se llamaba Boulé, el lugar de la deliberación y, en la historia posterior, los reyes y príncipes acostumbraban a rodearse de un consejo, formados por sabios en diversas materias, en el que encontrar las mejores razones para deliberar. Con el desarrollo de la matemática probabilística, ya en el siglo XVII, la deliberación se transformó en el cálculo de probabilidades.",{"_37":1333,"_41":1334},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1335,"_47":1225,"_49":1336,"_51":1337,"_53":1338,"_55":56},"RT6r8Ke8",{},[],"En definitiva, las virtudes éticas, la prudencia y la deliberación son las aportaciones de Aristóteles a la ética de todos los tiempos. ",{"_43":58,"_45":1340,"_47":1225,"_49":1341,"_51":1342,"_53":1343,"_55":56},"6VNAJ32R",{"_61":62},[],"Ética de Virtudes ",{"_37":1345,"_41":1360},[1346,1353],{"_37":1347,"_41":1348},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1349,"_47":1225,"_49":1350,"_51":1351,"_53":1352,"_55":56},"xseHjrR0",{},[],"La aparición del actor económico como protagonista de la nueva sociedad capitalista que despliega una racionalidad basada en la maximización del beneficio será otro de los momentos centrales de la modernidad que afectará a la ética. Ante este actor es necesario reflexionar sobre el horizonte ético de las virtudes: el utilitarismo ético, desarrollado por Jeremy Bentham primero y perfeccionado por su discípulo John Stuart Mill, será una respuesta, tan creativa como exigente, ante esta nueva situación social. Cualquier acción que quiera ser moral tendrá que pasar la prueba del cálculo utilitarista, es decir, que la acción tenga como consecuencia el mayor bien para el mayor número posible de personas.",{"_37":1354,"_41":1355},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1356,"_47":1225,"_49":1357,"_51":1358,"_53":1359,"_55":56},"b2bkJxVI",{},[],"Así, el actor económico, que parece sólo movido por la maximización del placer subjetivo (la acumulación de riqueza, fundamentalmente), encontrará en el utilitarismo un ideal moral que realizar. Bajo esta óptica, el utilitarista puro integra el interés social en el interés subjetivo para elegir la alternativa que, de manera agregada, mejor satisfaga a un colectivo en su conjunto. A pesar de esta aparente apuesta por el colectivo, la gran crítica al utilitarismo reside en el hecho de que siempre hay un resto que no se beneficia del mayor placer posible.",{"_43":58,"_45":1361,"_47":1225,"_49":1362,"_51":1363,"_53":1364,"_55":56},"19mETniO",{"_61":62},[],"Utilitarismo ",{"_37":1366,"_41":1374},[1367],{"_37":1368,"_41":1369},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1370,"_47":1225,"_49":1371,"_51":1372,"_53":1373,"_55":56},"ULh79HpK",{},[],"La Ilustración también trajo consigo la comprensión de que la común racionalidad de los seres humanos, capaces de conocer y actuar conforme a principios, nos hace dignos de respeto. Esto se convierte en una exigencia de que la ética se ajuste a unos deberes universales que no dependan más que de la común humanidad. La filosofía moral de Kant ha sido clave en la formulación de esta idea y en su desarrollo en la dimensión jurídica y política: nuestras acciones han de sujetarse a deberes que tienen como fundamento la dignidad humana que nunca puede dejarse de lado en la acción moral.",{"_43":58,"_45":1375,"_47":1225,"_49":1376,"_51":1377,"_53":1378,"_55":56},"oKG49E8C",{"_61":62},[],"Deontología ",{"_37":1380,"_41":1396},[1381,1388],{"_37":1382,"_41":1383},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1384,"_47":1225,"_49":1385,"_51":1386,"_53":1387,"_55":56},"ecM856o5",{},[],"Será John Rawls, en el último tercio del siglo XX, el filósofo que renovará el deontologismo de Kant, integrando en este el utilitarismo de John Stuart Mill y Henry Sidgwick, a través de la formulación de los dos principios de justicia que respetan la dignidad humana a través de un método de razonamiento moral basado en la posición original y el velo de ignorancia: ¿cuáles serían los principios que elegiríamos para organizar una sociedad si no supiéramos cuáles son nuestras condiciones psíquicas, físicas y materiales iniciales? Según Rawls, elegiríamos un principio de libertad que garantice el máximo de libertades para que podamos desarrollar nuestros planes de vida y un principio de diferencia que garantice que solo vamos a permitir aquellas desigualdades que beneficien a los más desfavorecidos. De este modo, quedamos obligados por estos dos principios. La filosofía de John Rawls ha servido para tratar de garantizar la justicia como equidad en el diseño de las instituciones.",{"_37":1389,"_41":1390},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1391,"_47":1392,"_49":1393,"_51":1394,"_53":1395,"_55":56},"S7S4aRWz","bafy2bzacebmj6kmlgdq77gywa3wc5xpwlzjsial7axh5k7bvexlq5kyd75vwg",{},[],"Martha Nussbaum mejora el marco de su maestro Rawls en un punto decisivo y es aquel que indica que es imprescindible contribuir a que todos los miembros de la sociedad puedan desarrollar aquellas capacidades que les hacen posible ejercer las libertades de las que habla Rawls. Su gran contribución, inspirada también por el trabajo del economista Amartya Sen, está en el desarrollo de la teoría de las capacidades. Así, una sociedad que respete la dignidad humana será aquella que contribuya al desarrollo en cada individuo de las siguientes capacidades: vida; salud física; integridad corporal; sentidos, imaginación y pensamiento; emociones; razón práctica, afiliación, otras especies, capacidad para jugar, control sobre el entorno propio (participación política, propiedad económica). ",{"_43":58,"_45":1397,"_47":1225,"_49":1398,"_51":1399,"_53":1400,"_55":56},"R_CW-6Sz",{"_61":62},[],"Teoría de justicia de John Rawls",{"_43":58,"_45":1402,"_47":1225,"_49":1403,"_51":1404,"_53":1405,"_55":56},"EXvy1Ld6",{"_61":62},[],"4. Diálogo y deliberación ética",{"_37":1407,"_41":1415},[1408],{"_37":1409,"_41":1410},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1411,"_47":1225,"_49":1412,"_51":1413,"_53":1414,"_55":56},"tiWA8IOA",{},[],"Los diversos portavoces presentan sus principales soluciones y conclusiones, generando una inteligencia colectiva. ",{"_43":58,"_45":1416,"_47":1225,"_49":1417,"_51":1418,"_53":1419,"_55":56},"xTLgPzN4",{"_61":62},[],"5. Decisión/puesta en común",{"_43":58,"_45":1421,"_47":1225,"_49":1422,"_51":1423,"_53":1424,"_55":56},"WgLrkEam",{"_61":62},[],"Fases del método Ethos",[124],"/mejores-empresas-mejor-democracia/do-the-right-think","2026-01-08T12:11:13.682Z",{"_176":737,"_572":738,"_222":739},{},{"_250":724,"_254":735},{"_45":711,"_262":124,"_125":1432,"_209":714,"_264":-5,"_265":-5,"_266":-5,"_267":-5,"_261":6},[126,713],1777379931672,[412,711,714,6],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb/mejores-empresas-mejor-democracia/do-the-right-think\",\"bafy2bzacecnrv6s2d6utlvvhwtyoupaw6cmdumjtlqy7zgtxxbhw3o33bplvm\",true]",{"_276":1437,"_410":1512,"_413":1513},{"_278":1438,"_395":396,"_397":1511,"_399":-5,"_400":68,"_401":68,"_402":68,"_403":-5,"_404":-5,"_405":30,"_406":407,"_408":409},{"_43":32,"_32":1439,"_45":1509},{"_34":1440,"_209":751,"_210":124,"_211":1503,"_125":1504,"_213":760,"_215":1505,"_217":1506,"_228":1507,"_250":761,"_252":1508,"_256":257},[1441,1485,1493],{"_37":1442,"_41":1480},[1443,1456,1466],{"_37":1444,"_41":1445},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1446,"_47":1447,"_49":1448,"_51":1449,"_53":1455,"_55":56},"Gf3g6Pqp","bafy2bzacecqin7jbch7k2cvpgnlsxvz5alg2zl54pg2lzhwevwrp3fbz2w64o",{},[1450],{"_43":74,"_66":1451,"_69":1452,"_49":1454,"_55":56},[68],[1453],15,{},"Tercera edición",{"_37":1457,"_41":1458},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":1460,"_47":751,"_49":1461,"_51":1464,"_53":56,"_55":1465},"Image","UyDk2hyp",{"_61":62,"_1462":1463},"width",422.55319148936167,[],"ipfs://bafybeiefz3tgfxvcvfd6vvf3ziax2gdviysxhdt4xch37llkjpf5cucne4",{"_37":1467,"_41":1468},[],{"_43":110,"_45":1469,"_47":1470,"_49":1471,"_51":1479,"_53":56,"_55":56},"MUnW1j7E","bafy2bzacec4osopcn37xkveadxqa66eagxxepedclunr7mnim7q2l5g2f2uhi",{"_114":115,"_116":1472,"_118":1473,"_135":30},"List",{"_120":1474,"_129":1477},[1475],{"_123":124,"_125":1476,"_127":128},"informes/informe-memd",[1478],{"_132":6,"_133":162},[],{"_43":58,"_45":1481,"_47":1447,"_49":1482,"_51":1483,"_53":1484,"_55":56},"z9iFWI9M",{"_61":62},[],"MEJORES EMPRESAS, MEJOR DEMOCRACIA",{"_37":1486,"_41":1487},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1488,"_47":1489,"_49":1490,"_51":1491,"_53":1492,"_55":56},"82odsuQD","bafy2bzacea7wgnpk3hmkt6grvwkvbkja4duopgmxmufisgxsael2rfw6dr4o6",{},[],"El informe completo se puede descargar aquí: ",{"_37":1494,"_41":1495},[],{"_43":173,"_45":1496,"_47":1497,"_49":1498,"_51":1501,"_53":56,"_55":1502},"jIYMOaGe","bafy2bzacec6aqo3xuw6sjytbllpvalmqtk7owdyqbncqnpmv2qxlrddupnkqg",{"_61":62,"_176":1499,"_178":1500},"Versión PDF","flex-start",[],"https://ethosfera.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/MEMD-2025.pdf",[124],"/informes/informe-memd","2025-10-14T15:29:39.167Z",{"_176":770,"_572":771,"_222":56,"_772":6,"_773":6,"_624":625},{},{"_250":761,"_254":255},{"_45":748,"_262":124,"_125":1510,"_209":751,"_264":-5,"_265":-5,"_266":-5,"_267":-5,"_261":6},[159,750],1777379931681,[412,748,751,6],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb/informes/informe-memd\",\"bafy2bzaceaiwdvxuqi25ywtcnscj4vezotpzwcxs6gmxadllrudn6bvxxoly4\",true]",{"_276":1515,"_410":1558,"_413":1559},{"_278":1516,"_395":396,"_397":1557,"_399":-5,"_400":68,"_401":68,"_402":68,"_403":-5,"_404":-5,"_405":30,"_406":407,"_408":409},{"_43":32,"_32":1517,"_45":1555},{"_34":1518,"_209":802,"_210":124,"_211":1549,"_125":1550,"_213":811,"_215":1551,"_217":1552,"_228":1553,"_250":812,"_252":1554,"_256":257},[1519,1536],{"_37":1520,"_41":1532},[1521],{"_37":1522,"_41":1523},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1524,"_47":812,"_49":1525,"_51":1526,"_53":1531,"_55":56},"lhMebx9b",{},[1527],{"_43":74,"_66":1528,"_69":1529,"_49":1530,"_55":56},[68],[1453],{},"Primera 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gran complejidad a la que se enfrentan las empresas obliga a sus altos directivos a reflexionar de forma inteligente sobre la evolución de lo que podríamos denominar cuestiones éticas en la toma de decisiones estratégicas. Factores como el desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial generativa, el avance del cambio climático, la desigualdad económica o la desconfianza de los ciudadanos en las instituciones generan nuevos retos éticos. Los impactos de estas y otras tendencias en las decisiones empresariales requieren sistematizar procesos deliberativos de toma de decisiones basados en el conocimiento y la experiencia, implementados a través de un liderazgo ético.",{"_37":1573,"_41":1574},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1575,"_47":779,"_49":1576,"_51":1577,"_53":1578,"_55":56},"dn1B--xP",{},[],"Ethosfera, en colaboración con el Club de Gestión de Riesgos de España, se ha propuesto dar respuesta a esta necesidad a través de la Guía ética para la buena gobernanza empresarial, que tiene como propósito trazar un camino para que los consejeros y altos directivos de las empresas puedan tomar decisiones vinculadas al buen gobierno corporativo identificando y valorando la variable ética. El documento se centra en cambiar el enfoque de la ética como cumplimiento a la ética como cultura. ",{"_37":1580,"_41":1581},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1582,"_47":779,"_49":1583,"_51":1584,"_53":1585,"_55":56},"YHZ1cfB_",{},[],"La Guía ética está disponible a descargar aquí: ",{"_37":1587,"_41":1588},[],{"_43":173,"_45":1589,"_47":779,"_49":1590,"_51":1592,"_53":56,"_55":1593},"7UePmcQV",{"_61":62,"_176":1591,"_178":179},"Descarga",[],"https://ethosfera.org/proyectos-que-buscan-la-excelencia",{"_37":1595,"_41":1823},[1596,1613,1632,1652,1659,1671,1685,1700,1774],{"_37":1597,"_41":1598},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1599,"_47":779,"_49":1600,"_51":1601,"_53":1612,"_55":56},"9egnP27U",{},[1602],{"_43":65,"_66":1603,"_69":1606,"_49":1611,"_55":56},[68,1453,1604,1605],67,145,[1607,1608,1609,1610],9,51,114,176,{},"Ethosfera y el Club de Gestión de Riesgos de España presentaron la Guía ética para la buena gobernanza empresarial el 12 de junio del 2024 en la Universidad Pontificia Comillas. Al evento asistieron alrededor de 70 personas provenientes de diferentes sectores para escuchar las conclusiones del informe, así como la mesa redonda de expertos de diferentes disciplinas sobre el papel de la ética en los consejos y el diálogo sobre la sabiduría en la innovación.",{"_37":1614,"_41":1615},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1616,"_47":779,"_49":1617,"_51":1618,"_53":1631,"_55":56},"x6bC79Ob",{},[1619],{"_43":65,"_66":1620,"_69":1625,"_49":1630,"_55":56},[1621,1622,1623,1624],48,74,130,165,[1626,1627,1628,1629],59,123,148,203,{},"El acto comenzó con las palabras de apertura de Luis Garvía, director del Máster en gestión de riesgos financieros de ICADE, y de Juan Carlos Estepa, presidente del Club de Gestión de Riesgos de España. ",{"_37":1633,"_41":1634},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1635,"_47":779,"_49":1636,"_51":1637,"_53":1651,"_55":56},"aGiZ030L",{},[1638,1646],{"_43":65,"_66":1639,"_69":1642,"_49":1645,"_55":56},[1640,1641],16,64,[1643,1644],37,73,{},{"_43":74,"_66":1647,"_69":1648,"_49":1650,"_55":56},[92],[1649],63,{},"A continuación, Elena Herrero-Beamont, directora del think tank Ethosfera y autora principal de la Guía ética, presentó las principales conclusiones del trabajo, que propone, desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar, la definición de un sistema integral de ética como base de buena gobernanza. Incluye una lista de ejemplos concretos de buenas y malas prácticas, 10 áreas y 21 indicadores y estándares que hacen de esta Guía un documento no solo teórico sino eminentemente práctico. ",{"_37":1653,"_41":1654},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":1655,"_47":779,"_49":1656,"_51":1657,"_53":56,"_55":1658},"EZJZd9uY",{"_61":62},[],"ipfs://bafybeibwttn47q2qokad2sgsmzkv7wiagdtij4uhwjct2saddevbwldbxe",{"_37":1660,"_41":1661},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1662,"_47":779,"_49":1663,"_51":1664,"_53":1670,"_55":56},"YGRwMmWb",{},[1665],{"_43":65,"_66":1666,"_69":1667,"_49":1669,"_55":56},[1644],[1668],98,{},"De los diversos indicadores, Herrero-Beaumont destacó la necesidad de un liderazgo ético y crítico, definido como “aquel que se compromete con una institucionalidad basada en códigos de conducta, y fortalecida con el cultivo sistemático a través de la deliberación de una sabiduría práctica por parte de los consejeros, directivos y empleados, que orienta su pensamiento y acción hacia el bien común de la organización y su entorno en escenarios de incertidumbre”.",{"_37":1672,"_41":1673},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1674,"_47":779,"_49":1675,"_51":1676,"_53":1684,"_55":56},"aCwH_oaO",{},[1677],{"_43":65,"_66":1678,"_69":1681,"_49":1683,"_55":56},[1679,1680],19,38,[1643,1682],95,{},"También destacó la deliberación ética en el consejo de administración y el comité de dirección donde se marca el tono ético de toda la empresa. Afirmó que hoy en día no hay ninguna institución más deliberativa que la empresa, y que es importante incorporar la variable ética y crítica en dicha deliberación, siguiendo ciertos sistemas de razonamiento ético, que permitan a los miembros del consejo y del comité de dirección ejercer sus deberes de lealtad y diligencia.",{"_37":1686,"_41":1687},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1688,"_47":779,"_49":1689,"_51":1690,"_53":1699,"_55":56},"tkhRu2nm",{},[1691],{"_43":65,"_66":1692,"_69":1695,"_49":1698,"_55":56},[1693,1694],47,149,[1696,1697],68,178,{},"Esta Guía responde a la creciente necesidad de una nueva gobernanza para llevar a cabo una mejor supervisión, conocimiento, gestión y reporte de los nuevos riesgos no financieros. El fortalecimiento de la marca, la confianza y la reputación; el aumento de la demanda de ética empresarial por parte de consumidores y empleados; la gestión de la incertidumbre; y la creciente asociación de que la ética contribuye al rendimiento del negocio son algunos de los factores detrás de la creciente demanda de una genuina ética empresarial. ",{"_37":1701,"_41":1769},[1702,1729,1742,1749,1755,1762],{"_37":1703,"_41":1704},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1705,"_47":779,"_49":1706,"_51":1707,"_53":1728,"_55":56},"zeiL-97u",{},[1708,1722],{"_43":65,"_66":1709,"_69":1715,"_49":1721,"_55":56},[1710,1711,1712,1713,1714],119,209,270,309,367,[1716,1717,1718,1719,1720],138,220,287,320,384,{},{"_43":74,"_66":1723,"_69":1725,"_49":1727,"_55":56},[1724],322,[1726],336,{},"El evento continuó con una mesa redonda sobre el papel de la filosofía en los consejos de administración, moderada por María Merry del Val, directora de MJ Hudson y consejera de Greenergy. Los ponentes fueron Jorge Úbeda, filósofo y director de la Fundación Promaestro; Clementine Baldon, abogada de impacto; Luis Moreno, senior partner en Ibero Capital Management; y José Luis Blanco, director del Instituto de la Empresa Familiar.",{"_37":1730,"_41":1731},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1732,"_47":779,"_49":1733,"_51":1734,"_53":1741,"_55":56},"tQ2gRah3",{},[1735],{"_43":74,"_66":1736,"_69":1738,"_49":1740,"_55":56},[1737],325,[1739],340,{},"La mesa redonda abordó temas clave para los líderes empresariales, como el desafío de operar en un mundo cada vez más globalizado desde la perspectiva occidental, con diferentes valores y regulaciones que los de otros países dónde se puede operar o competir. Esta cuestión llevó a una discusión entre Blanco y Úbeda sobre la universabilidad de la ética y la necesidad de que las empresas adopten parámetros de relativización para navegar en un campo de juego cada vez más complejo. Baldon y Moreno enfatizaron que, a pesar de las diferencias culturales, siempre hay una base común sobre la cual se pueden construir prácticas éticas.",{"_37":1743,"_41":1744},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":1745,"_47":779,"_49":1746,"_51":1747,"_53":56,"_55":1748},"hYJmwiCI",{"_61":62},[],"ipfs://bafybeie6sqezpj6mgt5l6dmyxkj3hn6cgezgfkladis3tugxfkuvoibnum",{"_37":1750,"_41":1751},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1752,"_47":779,"_49":1753,"_51":1754,"_53":56,"_55":56},"s9bUQksY",{},[],{"_37":1756,"_41":1757},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1758,"_47":779,"_49":1759,"_51":1760,"_53":1761,"_55":56},"IXy28TUL",{},[],"También se discutió la deliberación ética en las empresas, especialmente en relación con nuevos riesgos, como los riesgos tecnológicos, que tienen un trasfondo ético. Moreno afirmó que vivimos en una cultura de riesgos y que esto debe llevarnos a formar comportamientos éticos. Uno de estos comportamientos éticos es la deliberación en las empresas, que Blanco señaló que, aunque es esencial, es complicada por la naturaleza jerárquica, no democrática, de la empresa. Esto implica que la ética en las empresas debe empezar con los líderes. ",{"_37":1763,"_41":1764},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1765,"_47":779,"_49":1766,"_51":1767,"_53":1768,"_55":56},"i4dLrxwm",{},[],"Uno de los desafíos en la implementación de una cultura ética es la priorización del corto plazo sobre el largo plazo. Baldon argumentó que esto se debe a la naturaleza de la empresa y al hecho de que lo económico siempre será su principal motor. Sin embargo, señaló que la ley puede servir como una palanca para integrar la ética en los negocios, citando casos como ClientEarth contra Shell y la Directiva de Sostenibilidad europea.",{"_43":58,"_45":1770,"_47":779,"_49":1771,"_51":1772,"_53":1773,"_55":56},"qgjscs1D",{"_61":62},[],"El papel de la filosofía en los consejos de administración",{"_37":1775,"_41":1818},[1776,1798,1805,1811],{"_37":1777,"_41":1778},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1779,"_47":779,"_49":1780,"_51":1781,"_53":1797,"_55":56},"-_wnnB7q",{},[1782,1789],{"_43":65,"_66":1783,"_69":1785,"_49":1788,"_55":56},[1784,1623],40,[1786,1787],56,143,{},{"_43":74,"_66":1790,"_69":1793,"_49":1796,"_55":56},[1791,1792],163,185,[1794,1795],170,193,{},"El evento concluyó con un diálogo entre Julio Aranovich, presidente del patronato de Ethosfera y doctor en física por Stanford, y Óscar Gallego, profesor en IESE, advisor e inversor en startups.",{"_37":1799,"_41":1800},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":1801,"_47":779,"_49":1802,"_51":1803,"_53":56,"_55":1804},"xh4aTPgh",{"_61":62},[],"ipfs://bafybeieyy5d2p3ue5fvmtfrdy65xkjuvmonmeb56j6uyel2254sv6h65my",{"_37":1806,"_41":1807},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1808,"_47":779,"_49":1809,"_51":1810,"_53":56,"_55":56},"iTHadkNH",{},[],{"_37":1812,"_41":1813},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1814,"_47":779,"_49":1815,"_51":1816,"_53":1817,"_55":56},"FUI-YuZ1",{},[],"Aranovich habló sobre sus 40 años de experiencia en Silicon Valley y comparó la deliberación de entonces con la de hoy en día. Comentó que no es la cantidad de espacios para la deliberación lo que ha cambiado, sino la calidad, debido a la creciente complejidad de los factores en juego. También hablaron sobre la innovación y cómo los riesgos asociados a ella suelen ser exponenciales, lo que dificulta nuestra navegación porque los humanos somos seres lineales.",{"_43":58,"_45":1819,"_47":779,"_49":1820,"_51":1821,"_53":1822,"_55":56},"Q7R4-u-0",{"_61":62},[],"Ética en la innovación, innovación en la ética.",{"_43":58,"_45":1824,"_47":779,"_49":1825,"_51":1826,"_53":1827,"_55":56},"Acdwi4iY",{"_61":62},[],"Presentación de la Guía ética: Sabiduría en la innovación",[124],"/informes/guia-etica",{"_176":795,"_222":796},{},{"_250":779,"_254":793},{"_45":776,"_262":124,"_125":1834,"_209":779,"_264":-5,"_265":-5,"_266":-5,"_267":-5,"_261":6},[159,778],1777379931674,[412,776,779,6],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb/informes/guia-etica\",\"bafy2bzaced6kf7dktrm2dqpipaex3wil4kwvhtvmeabwz3b7d65okpx33mzxo\",true]",{"_276":1839,"_410":1963,"_413":1964},{"_278":1840,"_395":396,"_397":1433,"_399":-5,"_400":68,"_401":68,"_402":68,"_403":-5,"_404":-5,"_405":30,"_406":407,"_408":409},{"_43":32,"_32":1841,"_45":1961},{"_34":1842,"_209":835,"_210":124,"_211":1955,"_125":1956,"_213":844,"_215":1957,"_217":1958,"_228":1959,"_250":845,"_252":1960,"_256":257},[1843,1850,1857,1864,1892,1899,1906,1913,1920,1927,1934,1941,1948],{"_37":1844,"_41":1845},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1846,"_47":845,"_49":1847,"_51":1848,"_53":1849,"_55":56},"arQ2BKz4",{},[],"8 Julio 2025",{"_37":1851,"_41":1852},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1853,"_47":845,"_49":1854,"_51":1855,"_53":1856,"_55":56},"SFbP3Ylv",{},[],"Por Sophia He",{"_37":1858,"_41":1859},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1860,"_47":845,"_49":1861,"_51":1862,"_53":1863,"_55":56},"id6NiXf7",{},[],"“Trust in the media is essential to the future of democracy in Europe,” affirmed Michael McGrath, European Commissioner for Democracy, Justice, Rule of Law, and Consumer Protection, during the opening address of a conference held on June 10, 2025, in Madrid, Spain. Hosted by the Observatorio de Medios e Información Responsable—an initiative of the Spanish think tank Ethosfera and Fundación Haz —the event brought together over thirty editors, journalists, academics, and media executives to examine the evolving relationship between journalism and democracy. Based on insights from the conference, this article analyzes the causes and consequences of media distrust, the solutions proposed, and the future of media as a watchdog for democracy.",{"_37":1865,"_41":1887},[1866,1873,1880],{"_37":1867,"_41":1868},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1869,"_47":845,"_49":1870,"_51":1871,"_53":1872,"_55":56},"NwnkUF5f",{},[],"Media distrust traces back to the collapse of what Nobel economics laureate Joseph Stiglitz called the “accidental marriage” between advertising and news in the conference’s keynote address. This business model relied on a simple formula: media outlets attract attention, which in turn attracts advertisers. Over the past quarter century, however, technological advances have transformed how attention is captured by prioritizing entertainment over accuracy, especially on social media. As a result, platforms like Meta and Google now absorb 80% of digital advertising revenue, leaving media and journalism organizations with shrinking profit margins.",{"_37":1874,"_41":1875},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1876,"_47":845,"_49":1877,"_51":1878,"_53":1879,"_55":56},"rADDD90V",{},[],"A business infrastructure that rewards outrage over accuracy breeds disinformation, undermining trust in the media as citizens increasingly turn away from the press to inform, scrutinize, or unify. Disinformation thus poses a direct threat to democracy democracy: 86% of Europeans and 91% of Spaniards agree that the rapid spread of disinformation is a major problem for democracy.",{"_37":1881,"_41":1882},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1883,"_47":845,"_49":1884,"_51":1885,"_53":1886,"_55":56},"AKBfgALN",{},[],"Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) exacerbates media distrust, as emphasized by Stiglitz. Algorithms optimize for attention rather than truth, often maximizing engagement by provoking outrage. As a result, algorithmic systems distort civic understanding, fuel social polarization, and erode the traceability of facts. Panelists further argued that the risks posed by AI are existential, as it has the capacity not only to shape what we do, but who we are. By making decisions on our behalf, AI directs our behavior, curates our experiences, and influences our identities.",{"_43":58,"_45":1888,"_47":845,"_49":1889,"_51":1890,"_53":1891,"_55":56},"Go8euEcl",{"_61":62},[],"The Problem: Distrust in the Media and Its Stakes for Democracy",{"_37":1893,"_41":1894},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1895,"_47":845,"_49":1896,"_51":1897,"_53":1898,"_55":56},"vYUUOdxO",{},[],"Altogether, the stakes of growing media distrust are undeniably high. Democratic institutions, economic systems, and even the rule of law falter without a “free, plural, and independent media that speaks truth to power and holds it to account.” This warning from McGrath was echoed by Stiglitz, who stated: “What is at stake here […] is not just the media. It’s democracy. It’s our economy. It’s our prosperity.” ",{"_37":1900,"_41":1901},[],{"_43":58,"_45":1902,"_47":845,"_49":1903,"_51":1904,"_53":1905,"_55":56},"fu6cTnu9",{},[],"The Solution: Proposals for Institutional Support and Self-Regulation",{"_37":1907,"_41":1908},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1909,"_47":845,"_49":1910,"_51":1911,"_53":1912,"_55":56},"zIeH9wb8",{},[],"Institutional efforts at the continental level have laid critical groundwork for rebuilding trust in the media. McGrath highlighted the European Media Freedom Act, set to take effect in August 2025, which protects against political interference in editorial decisions, secures the independence and stable funding of public service media, and ensures transparency in media ownership and state funding. The EU has also supported the European Digital Media Observatory, which monitors disinformation threats and promotes media literacy. Finally, media is a core focus of the European Democracy Shield, an emerging EU initiative aimed at strengthening democracy across member states.",{"_37":1914,"_41":1915},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1916,"_47":845,"_49":1917,"_51":1918,"_53":1919,"_55":56},"qzxbJjRZ",{},[],"The appropriate scope of institutional regulation was a subject of significant discussion. While regulation does not inherently conflict with freedom of expression, some warned that excessive oversight could stifle innovation, isolate it within Europe, or render it irrelevant. Others countered that the absence of regulation has enabled systemic disinformation campaigns. In light of these concerns, panelists pointed to the lack of regulatory oversight over the primary source of disinformation: social media. Technology has made it easier than ever to publish unverified content, yet regulators continue to give social media a “blank check.” In response, speakers urged equal regulatory treatment for both traditional and social media.",{"_37":1921,"_41":1922},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1923,"_47":845,"_49":1924,"_51":1925,"_53":1926,"_55":56},"LmLxlr0f",{},[],"In addition to institutional regulation, self-regulation plays a key role in restoring media credibility from within. One proposal was a label of credibility to help channel investment from high-traffic platforms toward trustworthy sources. Some speakers, however, favored a label of identity, one that distinguishes investigative journalism from mere content creation. They argued that, since truth is the only reliable marker, any label should serve as a complement rather than a definitive judgment. For the governance of such labels, speakers suggested oversight by independent bodies such as the Federation of Associations of Journalists of Spain (FAPE). Additional self-regulatory proposals included complaint mechanisms reviewed by independent councils, with repeated violations leading to disqualification from public funding. Panelists also proposed a public media registry requiring transparency in media ownership and financing.",{"_37":1928,"_41":1929},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1930,"_47":845,"_49":1931,"_51":1932,"_53":1933,"_55":56},"3oaFGNEF",{},[],"Ultimately, trustworthy journalism depends on both sustainable external funding and resilient internal revenue streams. Panelists reinforced Stiglitz’s definition of news as a public good by asking for a more efficient allocation of public funds. Proposed measures included compensation for violations of intellectual property—an approach implemented in Norway through a levy—and the reduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) across the board. Some speakers noted concerns surrounding public subsidies, cautioning that they could exacerbate existing issues of transparency and objectivity. On the internal side, panelists identified a readership-based business model as the most viable path forward, especially given the collapse of the “accidental marriage” between media and advertising.",{"_37":1935,"_41":1936},[],{"_43":58,"_45":1937,"_47":845,"_49":1938,"_51":1939,"_53":1940,"_55":56},"UTCo7vgk",{},[],"The Future: Media as a Watchdog for Democracy",{"_37":1942,"_41":1943},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1944,"_47":845,"_49":1945,"_51":1946,"_53":1947,"_55":56},"VpfYJsHz",{},[],"The speakers’ proposals reflect a vision for the future of media rooted in values. Foremost among these is pluralism—a cornerstone of democracy, which depends on the dispersion of power across all sectors of society, including the media. To ensure that media fulfills its democratic function, panelists highlighted four additional values: creativity, opportunity, ethics, and dialogue. Creativity is essential, as the human element is what ultimately distinguishes journalism in today’s digital landscape. In a field where technology often seems to displace opportunity, journalism must carve out its own by harnessing digital tools while upholding ethical standards. Finally, given the urgent need to mend the social fabric, the media must realize its potential as a unifying force by fostering spaces for meaningful dialogue.",{"_37":1949,"_41":1950},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1951,"_47":845,"_49":1952,"_51":1953,"_53":1954,"_55":56},"f2k7y404",{},[],"The media’s role as a watchdog of democracy extends beyond Europe, as emphasized by Anya Schiffrin, director of Columbia University’s Technology, Media, and Communications (TMaC) program, in her closing address. From the American perspective, she noted that unscrupulous media outlets have deepened polarization and eroded public trust in both science and government. As Schiffrin observed, platform remuneration will not save journalism, and journalism alone cannot save the world from polarization. Yet without reliable journalism, democracies cannot save themselves. The challenges are substantial, but in the view of Stiglitz, democracy is worth the trade-offs—even trade wars, if that is what it takes. It is up to actors both within and beyond the media to transform these proposals into a future where journalism safeguards democracy, bolsters our economy, and advances our shared prosperity.",[124],"/blog/trust-in-the-media-and-the-future-of-democracy","2025-10-08T09:01:26.107Z",{"_176":854,"_222":855},{},{"_250":845,"_254":255},{"_45":832,"_262":124,"_125":1962,"_209":835,"_264":-5,"_265":-5,"_266":-5,"_267":-5,"_261":6},[192,834],[412,832,835,6],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb/blog/trust-in-the-media-and-the-future-of-democracy\",\"bafy2bzaceaaf7mttkrb6ossdawficregwnghemuikdvvxciraybpq7mdqlor4\",true]",{"_276":1966,"_410":2743,"_413":2744},{"_278":1967,"_395":396,"_397":2742,"_399":-5,"_400":68,"_401":68,"_402":68,"_403":-5,"_404":-5,"_405":30,"_406":407,"_408":409},{"_43":32,"_32":1968,"_45":2740},{"_34":1969,"_209":861,"_210":124,"_211":2734,"_125":2735,"_213":870,"_215":2736,"_217":2737,"_228":2738,"_250":871,"_252":2739,"_256":257},[1970,2035,2042,2049,2056,2063,2081,2104,2111,2117,2124,2141,2148,2155,2162,2180,2200,2212,2225,2232,2325,2671],{"_37":1971,"_41":2030},[1972,2015,2023],{"_37":1973,"_41":1974},[],{"_43":44,"_45":1975,"_47":871,"_49":1976,"_51":1977,"_53":2014,"_55":56},"mQMZHZqK",{},[1978,1985,1994,2004,2009],{"_43":142,"_66":1979,"_69":1981,"_49":1983,"_55":1984},[1980],90,[1982],103,{},"https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2024/mounting-damage-flawed-elections-and-armed-conflict",{"_43":1986,"_66":1987,"_69":1990,"_49":1993,"_55":56},"Underline",[1980,1988,1989],268,618,[1982,1991,1992],290,633,{},{"_43":65,"_66":1995,"_69":1999,"_49":2003,"_55":56},[1996,1997,1998],118,323,745,[2000,2001,2002],167,420,782,{},{"_43":142,"_66":2005,"_69":2006,"_49":2007,"_55":2008},[1988],[1991],{},"https://www.v-dem.net/documents/43/v-dem_dr2024_lowres.pdf",{"_43":142,"_66":2010,"_69":2011,"_49":2012,"_55":2013},[1989],[1992],{},"https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023/?utm_source=eiu-website&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=democracy-index-2023","Recent studies have found that the world is facing a decline in democracy. The think tank Freedom House has recorded a decline in democracy for the 18th year in a row. According to their analysis, 52 countries faced a decline in democracy, while only 21 improved. The V-Dem Democracy report published this year stated that “the level of democracy enjoyed by the average person in the world in 2023 is down to 1985-levels; by country-based averages, it is back to 1998”. They found that today the world now has more closed autocracies than liberal democracies, and that the last time this was the case was in 1995. The Democracy Index of The Economist Intelligence found that 45.4% of the world’s population live in a democracy of some sort, but only 7.8% live in a “full democracy”. They reported that according to their analysis, the average global score fell to its lowest level since the index began in 2006.",{"_37":2016,"_41":2017},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":2018,"_47":871,"_49":2019,"_51":2020,"_53":2021,"_55":2022},"6Jhanrj3",{"_61":62},[],"According to this graph from Freedom House, countries with aggregate score declines in democracy have outnumbered those with gains every year for the past 18 years.\n","ipfs://bafkreibj7gpi335ngdfg73wlf33bkd5e4ovj3j66dxjbwcmd532ecfpyiy",{"_37":2024,"_41":2025},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":2026,"_47":871,"_49":2027,"_51":2028,"_53":56,"_55":2029},"Lz4m0LiN",{"_61":62},[],"ipfs://bafkreibci7opeztjpxw7wa3hsz2hqxb5gzipjozye6vxitudll2yal3swa",{"_43":58,"_45":2031,"_47":871,"_49":2032,"_51":2033,"_53":2034,"_55":56},"FHTmZ--C",{"_61":62},[],"1. The Crisis of Liberal Democracy",{"_37":2036,"_41":2037},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2038,"_47":871,"_49":2039,"_51":2040,"_53":2041,"_55":56},"G0twfRY0",{},[],"Democracy can be measured by different factors, such as fair elections, freedom of expression, and deliberation. The graph below from the V-Dem report shows an increase of countries declining in respect to these factors compared to those improving. Out of all of the factors, “deliberation is the only component worsening in both panels. It is declining in 19 countries in 2023, compared to 14 in 2013, while improving in eleven countries both in 2013 and 2023. The deliberative component measures respect for opposition, pluralism, and counterarguments with several different indicators and is central to the democratic process”.",{"_37":2043,"_41":2044},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":2045,"_47":871,"_49":2046,"_51":2047,"_53":56,"_55":2048},"Fyf5pHIE",{"_61":62},[],"ipfs://bafkreiggn3v7l7fazt77aiuclekwk2zogn753copakg4dqhqi5svokykvq",{"_37":2050,"_41":2051},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2052,"_47":871,"_49":2053,"_51":2054,"_53":2055,"_55":56},"EmYX8Te6",{},[],"Freedom House found that attacks on pluralism were among the main reasons for the decline in democracy. They define pluralism as “the peaceful coexistence of people with different political ideas, religions, or ethnic identities”. ",{"_37":2057,"_41":2058},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2059,"_47":871,"_49":2060,"_51":2061,"_53":2062,"_55":56},"rvjeoLuu",{},[],"\nIt is true that the global averages could be weighed down by some specific nondemocratic countries. However, in the increasingly globalized landscape we are living in, countries are now more economically interdependent than ever. According to the Wall Street Journal, the initiative of “change through trade”, which aimed to increase shared values through international trade, actually benefited countries such as China and Russia, and allowed them to become even more “radical and undemocratic”, while making western democracies more economically dependent on these nondemocratic countries (Dopfner, 2023).",{"_37":2064,"_41":2065},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2066,"_47":871,"_49":2067,"_51":2068,"_53":2080,"_55":56},"jMC15J_Q",{},[2069,2076],{"_43":142,"_66":2070,"_69":2072,"_49":2074,"_55":2075},[2071],584,[2073],645,{},"https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/10/16/globally-broad-support-for-representative-and-direct-democracy/",{"_43":1986,"_66":2077,"_69":2078,"_49":2079,"_55":56},[2071],[2073],{},"Looking specifically at democracy in Spain, experts have said that “Spain may well be the most impressively democratic major country in mainland Europe” (Reid, cited by Varadarajan, 2023). Although the political situation is not without its struggles, Reid says that “Spain's politics are no more unkempt than the present Western norm”, and Freedom House classified it as “free”, with a score of 90/100 in their “Freedom in the World” report of 2024. The ideals at the core of democracy remain popular in Spain and the rest of Western Europe, making them part of the global median of 66% who believe that direct democracy is a good way to govern. ",{"_37":2082,"_41":2083},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2084,"_47":871,"_49":2085,"_51":2086,"_53":2103,"_55":56},"l-UUlRLN",{},[2087,2093,2097],{"_43":142,"_66":2088,"_69":2089,"_49":2091,"_55":2092},[1710],[2090],124,{},"https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/29/many-across-the-globe-are-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working/",{"_43":1986,"_66":2094,"_69":2095,"_49":2096,"_55":56},[1710],[2090],{},{"_43":74,"_66":2098,"_69":2100,"_49":2102,"_55":56},[2099],1127,[2101],1130,{},"These claims of freedom and democracy are not however in line with the perception of Spanish citizens, because another study by Pew Research Center found that large majorities in Spain are dissatisfied with how democracy is working in their country. This makes it part of the 51% of the 27 countries they polled who are dissatisfied with the state of democracy in their country, compared to 45% who are satisfied. Dissatisfaction with democracy is influenced by factors such as people’s perceptions of their politicians and the economic situation in the country, as well as others such as partisanship, because those who support parties that are not currently in power are more likely to say they are dissatisfied with democracy in their country. This last factor is important to note in the increasingly polarized political landscape of the world. Another factor they cited as important to satisfaction with democracy is the freedom of speech. “In every nation studied, dissatisfaction with democracy is more common among people who say the statement ‘the rights of people to express their views in public are protected’ does not describe their country well.” ",{"_37":2105,"_41":2106},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2107,"_47":871,"_49":2108,"_51":2109,"_53":2110,"_55":56},"m4MgyCD9",{},[],"Scholars such as Little and Meng insist that democracy should be measured based on quantifiable factors, which are not susceptible to individual bias. They state that studies that claim that the state of democracy rely too much on subjective indicators, such as experts using their own judgment to rate the extent to which an election was free and fair (Little & Meng, in Willick, 2024). ",{"_37":2112,"_41":2113},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2114,"_47":871,"_49":2115,"_51":2116,"_53":56,"_55":56},"o0Xkqa2Z",{},[],{"_37":2118,"_41":2119},[],{"_43":58,"_45":2120,"_47":871,"_49":2121,"_51":2122,"_53":2123,"_55":56},"yVPpX-dX",{},[],"2. The Risks of Disinformation ",{"_37":2125,"_41":2126},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2127,"_47":871,"_49":2128,"_51":2129,"_53":2140,"_55":56},"O026DaXU",{},[2130,2136],{"_43":142,"_66":2131,"_69":2132,"_49":2134,"_55":2135},[1980],[2133],113,{},"https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2024.pdf",{"_43":1986,"_66":2137,"_69":2138,"_49":2139,"_55":56},[1980],[2133],{},"The World Economic Forum (WEF) ranked misinformation and disinformation as no. 1 in their 2024 Global Risk Report. This risk rose to the top of the rankings because of the increase in AI generated false information. Their survey of 1,500 policy makers and industry leaders found that fake news written and being spread by AI was the biggest short-term risk to the global economy. AI was also labeled as an “emerging risk” by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (Finra) (Vynck & Lynch, 2024). Policy makers are struggling to keep up with the regulation of the rapid development of technology, and to support innovation while at the same time reduce their potential harm (Ye Hee Lee, 2023).",{"_37":2142,"_41":2143},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2144,"_47":871,"_49":2145,"_51":2146,"_53":2147,"_55":56},"oDbp2Lpk",{},[],"A 2022 study by UTECA and the University of Navarra found that 95,8% of Spaniards believe that disinformation is a problem in current society. In the survey they conducted, 72,1% of Spaniards recognized that they had believed a message or video that turned out to be false once. The risk of disinformation is one that is rapidly growing, especially in recent years. The same study found that 83,3% of the Spanish population believes that the spread of disinformation has increased first during the pandemic, and again with the war in Ukraine. ",{"_37":2149,"_41":2150},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2151,"_47":871,"_49":2152,"_51":2153,"_53":2154,"_55":56},"p5lif33z",{},[],"Although media companies are adapting to create more content online, and it appears that digital media is going to be the future of the industry, people seem to find more credibility in traditional media. In the study, 80,9% of Spaniards agree that television, radio, and print media provide the best guarantee against the proliferation of disinformation. This does not mean that the diversity of new media sources is only viewed negatively however, as seen in the statistic that 86,6% of Spaniards believe that thanks to the diversity of news programmes, they have a more pluralistic view of society.",{"_37":2156,"_41":2157},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2158,"_47":871,"_49":2159,"_51":2160,"_53":2161,"_55":56},"oV362Z9u",{},[],"Misinformation and disinformation threaten “the cohesion of societies”, by increasing distrust, and which could lead to increasing polarization. The WEF considers societal polarization and misinformation and disinformation to be the two most closely linked risks in their framework, stating that they have the largest potential to amplify each other compared to other risks. The study conducted by UTECA and UNAV found that 91% of Spaniards believe that disinformation is a threat to democracy and the stability of a country. ",{"_37":2163,"_41":2164},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2165,"_47":871,"_49":2166,"_51":2167,"_53":2179,"_55":56},"JhmgYdZV",{},[2168,2175],{"_43":142,"_66":2169,"_69":2171,"_49":2173,"_55":2174},[2170],678,[2172],681,{},"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/29/world/europe/businesses-civics-education.html",{"_43":1986,"_66":2176,"_69":2177,"_49":2178,"_55":56},[2170],[2172],{},"When people are not sure what information is true, they do not know what institutions they can trust. This is evident in the results of the 2024 Edelman Trust Barometer, which reports that businesses are seen as the only trustworthy institution. This study links trust to competence and ethics, and it found that government is seen as far less competent and ethical than business. It was ranked as 52 points less competent and 32 points less ethical. This is in line with other studies on this topic, such as one conducted by the Pew Research Center which found that “only 17% of Americans trust officials in power in Washington to do the right thing” (Pew cited by Eddy in the NYT, 2023).",{"_37":2181,"_41":2194},[2182],{"_37":2183,"_41":2184},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2185,"_47":871,"_49":2186,"_51":2187,"_53":2193,"_55":56},"3zkr7L2p",{},[2188],{"_43":74,"_66":2189,"_69":2190,"_49":2192,"_55":56},[68],[2191],204,{},"“It is lack of confidence, more than anything else, that kills a civilisation… We can destroy ourselves by cynicism and disillusion, just as effectively as by bombs.” (Clark, 1960 cited by Luce, 2024, FT)",{"_43":1459,"_45":2195,"_47":871,"_49":2196,"_51":2198,"_53":56,"_55":2199},"BOUUNWjO",{"_61":2197},"Blockquote",[],"ipfs://bafkreia44zgaxxmcrqrgjs34ek5cthrmswtrl3lbwflc46vyppl5cueyla",{"_37":2201,"_41":2202},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2203,"_47":871,"_49":2204,"_51":2205,"_53":2211,"_55":56},"Mtorv_uY",{},[2206],{"_43":65,"_66":2207,"_69":2208,"_49":2210,"_55":56},[1980,2000],[2209,1713],135,{},"It is worth noting however, that although business is the most trusted as an institution, business leaders are not seen as trustworthy. The Trust Barometer shows that 61% of people worry that business leaders are “purposely trying to mislead people by saying things they know are false or gross exaggerations”. This shows that the majority believe that business leaders could actually be contributing to disinformation. However, they are still perceived as better than government leaders (63%) and journalists (64%) in this indicator. ",{"_37":2213,"_41":2214},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2215,"_47":871,"_49":2216,"_51":2217,"_53":2224,"_55":56},"Ju2IRF18",{},[2218],{"_43":65,"_66":2219,"_69":2221,"_49":2223,"_55":56},[2220],642,[2222],730,{},"Despite this apparent distrust in business leaders, there are high expectations for them in terms of information and ethics, and a demand for them to start playing a bigger role in society. According to the same Edelman report, 62% of employees expect their CEOs to manage changes occurring in society, not just those occurring in their business. Employees believe it is important that their CEOs speak publicly about issues such as “job skills of the future” (82%), “ethical use of technology” (79%) and “automation impact on jobs” (78%). This is especially evident in younger generations. Businesses are starting to realize their role as a “collective stabilizing force in helping ensure that the norms of democracy are upheld” (Levine cited by Eddy, 2023). ",{"_37":2226,"_41":2227},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2228,"_47":871,"_49":2229,"_51":2230,"_53":2231,"_55":56},"nQdM1V8I",{},[],"Disinformation can also be used as a tool for control in the political sphere. The decline of liberal democracy and the weakening of checks and balances in governments could also be considered a factor that could amplify disinformation in pursuit of political agendas (WEF, 2024). The WEF stated that it is especially a risk in 2024 because of the threat it poses in the many elections set to take place this year worldwide, which makes disinformation both a consequence and cause for the decline in democracy. ",{"_37":2233,"_41":2320},[2234,2258,2273,2281,2288],{"_37":2235,"_41":2236},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2237,"_47":871,"_49":2238,"_51":2239,"_53":2257,"_55":56},"wyadXFoW",{},[2240,2247,2251],{"_43":142,"_66":2241,"_69":2243,"_49":2245,"_55":2246},[2242],436,[2244],448,{},"https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2023-03/2023%20Edelman%20Trust%20Barometer%20Global%20Report%20FINAL.pdf",{"_43":1986,"_66":2248,"_69":2249,"_49":2250,"_55":56},[2242],[2244],{},{"_43":65,"_66":2252,"_69":2254,"_49":2256,"_55":56},[2253],910,[2255],936,{},"Societal polarization was in the top 3 short term risks, and the 9th in long term risks in the WEF Global Risk report. Their research found that 46% of those surveyed saw it as a risk that could present a material crisis on a global scale in 2024. As mentioned, they also report that disinformation is closely linked to polarization. The Edelman Trust Barometer has been proven a useful source for measurement of these factors, and the 2023 edition was focused on “Navigating a Polarized World”. Polarization was cited as being both the cause and consequence of distrust, because people are more likely to believe in information and trust that which is already aligned with their polarized views, not trusting other perspectives, but these polarized views are also a consequence of a lack of trust. Polarization in society could therefore evolve into not only involving political affiliations, but also having polarized views on reality (WEF, 2024). In Spain, 88,1% are of the opinion that people tend to believe more in messages they receive if they are aligned with their way of thinking. However, only 32.8% admit that in their case they tend to believe information that is aligned with their way of thinking (UTECA y UNAV, 2022).",{"_37":2259,"_41":2260},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2261,"_47":871,"_49":2262,"_51":2263,"_53":2272,"_55":56},"fNZDZ9T7",{},[2264],{"_43":65,"_66":2265,"_69":2268,"_49":2271,"_55":56},[2266,2267],82,432,[2269,2270],164,495,{},"The increasing polarization is seen in indicators such as the one that found that 53% of respondents believe their country is more divided than it was in the past. The report ranked the different levels of polarization in different countries based on two indicators: being divided and entrenched. A “severely polarized” country is therefore one that is severely divided, with the perception that these divisions cannot be overcome. Spain is one of only 6 countries ranked as “severely polarized”, along with Argentina, Colombia, the US, South Africa and Sweden. \n",{"_37":2274,"_41":2275},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":2276,"_47":871,"_49":2277,"_51":2279,"_53":56,"_55":2280},"meEADUSy",{"_61":62,"_1462":2278},655.441478439425,[],"ipfs://bafybeib23wcconlqp6ezxunmp3st3n6vwyqpcbxvzgmslg7osj7wiafeq4",{"_37":2282,"_41":2283},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2284,"_47":871,"_49":2285,"_51":2286,"_53":2287,"_55":56},"-C3daF2T",{},[],"Consistent with their other reports, the 2023 Edelman Trust Barometer also found businesses to be a trustworthy institution, with respondents who feel like they are in a polarized state saying that they only trust business (62%) and their employer (78%). Businesses and leaders therefore “hold the mantle of greater expectation and responsibility”, and have “an essential role to play in the information ecosystem” in advocating for truth and promoting civil discourse.",{"_37":2289,"_41":2290},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2291,"_47":871,"_49":2292,"_51":2293,"_53":2319,"_55":56},"fdkmfFKr",{},[2294,2301,2309,2314],{"_43":142,"_66":2295,"_69":2297,"_49":2299,"_55":2300},[2296],216,[2298],222,{},"https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/polarization-versus-democracy/",{"_43":1986,"_66":2302,"_69":2305,"_49":2308,"_55":56},[2296,2303,2304],529,1251,[2298,2306,2307],546,1278,{},{"_43":142,"_66":2310,"_69":2311,"_49":2312,"_55":2313},[2303],[2306],{},"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/democracy-in-america-partisanship-polarization-and-the-robustness-of-support-for-democracy-in-the-united-states/C7C72745B1AD1FF9E363BBFBA9E18867",{"_43":142,"_66":2315,"_69":2316,"_49":2317,"_55":2318},[2304],[2307],{},"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2020.1818068?scroll=top&needAccess=true","Polarization is considered a threat to liberal democracy because it has been argued that the polarization of a society makes people more willing to trade off basic democratic principles for their partisan interests (Svolik, 2019). These tradeoffs can include voting for a candidate who belongs to one’s party despite the fact that they exhibit nondemocratic practices. This creates an opportunity for anti-democratic leaders. One example where this trend can be observed is in the United States, where it was found in a study by Graham and Svolik (2020) that most Americans value partisanship more than democratic principles. They say that “most voters are partisans first and democrats only second”, evident in the data that shows that only 13,3% of those who responded to their survey were willing to defect from a candidate from their party for violating democratic principles when the price of doing so is voting against their own party. Their main finding was that “Americans value democracy, but not much”, which is supported by the data that shows that a candidate will only lose 11.7% of his votes for adopting an undemocratic position. Polarization was also found to be associated with higher levels of government intimidation in democracies (Arbatli & Rosenberg, 2020).",{"_43":58,"_45":2321,"_47":871,"_49":2322,"_51":2323,"_53":2324,"_55":56},"hByjr6Ek",{"_61":62},[],"3. The Risks of Polarization",{"_37":2326,"_41":2666},[2327,2523],{"_37":2328,"_41":2518},[2329,2347,2364,2372,2390,2397,2404,2411,2418,2444,2468,2476,2494,2501],{"_37":2330,"_41":2331},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2332,"_47":871,"_49":2333,"_51":2334,"_53":2346,"_55":56},"YXs-XEGk",{},[2335,2342],{"_43":142,"_66":2336,"_69":2338,"_49":2340,"_55":2341},[2337],180,[2339],208,{},"https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/11/15/americans-and-privacy-concerned-confused-and-feeling-lack-of-control-over-their-personal-information/",{"_43":1986,"_66":2343,"_69":2344,"_49":2345,"_55":56},[2337],[2339],{},"The rapid evolution of technology has resulted in it becoming an essential part of everyday life. However, there is a growing concern over privacy and surveillance. For example, a 2019 survey conducted by Pew found that most Americans believe that they cannot go through daily life without their data being collected by either companies or the government. ",{"_37":2348,"_41":2349},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2350,"_47":871,"_49":2351,"_51":2352,"_53":2363,"_55":56},"vJAw-v8s",{},[2353,2359],{"_43":142,"_66":2354,"_69":2355,"_49":2357,"_55":2358},[17],[2356],29,{},"https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2023/10/18/views-of-data-privacy-risks-personal-data-and-digital-privacy-laws/",{"_43":1986,"_66":2360,"_69":2361,"_49":2362,"_55":56},[17],[2356],{},"A 2023 version of this survey found that most Americans are concerned and confused about how their data is being used. There is a growing lack of understanding about how companies and the government are using people’s data. In 2019, 59% of Americans claimed that they did not understand how companies are using their personal data, and this figure has risen to 67% in 2023. Similarly, Deloitte found that only 34% believe that companies are clear about how they use the data they collect from online services.",{"_37":2365,"_41":2366},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":2367,"_47":871,"_49":2368,"_51":2370,"_53":56,"_55":2371},"Jm79Cgg_",{"_61":62,"_1462":2369},424.4813278008299,[],"ipfs://bafkreihsz76jgbf347gkkblgpryw7dbfh4xb4iyu6gfbzakk5f4sqfxycy",{"_37":2373,"_41":2374},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2375,"_47":871,"_49":2376,"_51":2377,"_53":2389,"_55":56},"pmMyI-Kq",{},[2378,2385],{"_43":142,"_66":2379,"_69":2381,"_49":2383,"_55":2384},[2380],425,[2382],445,{},"https://www2.deloitte.com/xe/en/insights/industry/telecommunications/connectivity-mobile-trends-survey/2023/data-privacy-and-security.html",{"_43":1986,"_66":2386,"_69":2387,"_49":2388,"_55":56},[2380],[2382],{},"Although they do not understand how their data is being used, it is still a matter of concern to most Americans. The Pew survey found that in 2023, 71% were concerned about how the government uses citizens’ personal data, compared to 64% in 2019. However, more (81%) are concerned about how companies use their personal data. This figure has increased from 79% expressing concern in 2019. This concern was also evident in a 2023 Deloitte report that showed that 67% of smartphone users worry about data security and privacy on their phones, which is up 13% from 2022.",{"_37":2391,"_41":2392},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2393,"_47":871,"_49":2394,"_51":2395,"_53":2396,"_55":56},"nLT5TekI",{},[],"The concern could be linked to the sense of a lack of control with regards to what companies or the government do with people’s personal data. Although the majority exhibit concern and confusion regarding companies using their data, Americans are not all on the same page about whether it is acceptable for companies to use their data. Almost half (48%) believe it is “unacceptable for social media companies to analyze what people do on their sites to deliver personalized content”, but 41% are supportive of it. Similarly, half of the respondents to a Deloitte survey said that they felt that the benefits they get from online services outweigh their data privacy concerns.",{"_37":2398,"_41":2399},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2400,"_47":871,"_49":2401,"_51":2402,"_53":2403,"_55":56},"Q8Kl-U2t",{},[],"When it comes to protecting privacy and data, Americans exhibit more growing confusion. The Pew study found that in 2023, 72% had “little to no understanding about the laws and regulations that are currently in place to protect their data privacy”, compared to 63% in 2019. With regards to managing their own privacy online, 78% of Americans trust themselves to make the right decisions about their personal information, although 61% do not believe that anything they do will make a difference. Deloitte reported that 41% of their respondents believe that it has become easier to protect their online data in the past year. ",{"_37":2405,"_41":2406},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":2407,"_47":871,"_49":2408,"_51":2409,"_53":56,"_55":2410},"Q0DU2EVe",{"_61":62,"_1462":2001},[],"ipfs://bafybeiex2ektmld4avhficfdiw7zg562b3f45po3nw6nv3lij2ha3hak7u",{"_37":2412,"_41":2413},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2414,"_47":871,"_49":2415,"_51":2416,"_53":2417,"_55":56},"4-rKOtRd",{},[],"When it comes to protecting privacy and data, Americans exhibit more growing confusion. The Pew study found that in 2023, 72% had “little to no understanding about the laws and regulations that are currently in place to protect their data privacy”, compared to 63% in 2019. With regards to managing their own privacy online, 78% of Americans trust themselves to make the right decisions about their personal information, although 61% do not believe that anything they do will make a difference. Deloitte reported that 41% of their respondents believe that it has become easier to protect their online data in the past year.",{"_37":2419,"_41":2420},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2421,"_47":871,"_49":2422,"_51":2423,"_53":2443,"_55":56},"MX-wP5Yc",{},[2424,2431,2435],{"_43":142,"_66":2425,"_69":2427,"_49":2429,"_55":2430},[2426],239,[2428],244,{},"https://www.brookings.edu/articles/protecting-privacy-in-an-ai-driven-world/",{"_43":1986,"_66":2432,"_69":2433,"_49":2434,"_55":56},[2426],[2428],{},{"_43":65,"_66":2436,"_69":2439,"_49":2442,"_55":56},[2437,2438],272,357,[2440,2441],292,458,{},"Current privacy laws are mostly based on the “notice-and-choice” or “notice-and-consent” model. The result of these laws are banners and notifications that contain a link to a lengthy privacy policy or terms and conditions document, which Kerry (2020) calls a meaningless “charade of consent”. With regards to this, Pew found that 56% of Americans say they “always, almost always, or often click ‘agree’ right away, without reading what privacy policies say”.",{"_37":2445,"_41":2446},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2447,"_47":871,"_49":2448,"_51":2449,"_53":2467,"_55":56},"LUd-PyPe",{},[2450,2457,2463],{"_43":142,"_66":2451,"_69":2453,"_49":2455,"_55":2456},[2452],473,[2454],488,{},"https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/privacy-paradox-with-ai-2023-10-31/",{"_43":1986,"_66":2458,"_69":2460,"_49":2462,"_55":56},[2452,2459],490,[2454,2461],512,{},{"_43":142,"_66":2464,"_69":2465,"_49":2466,"_55":2430},[2459],[2461],{},"Privacy concerns go beyond data being collected online by companies or the government, and has to do with the emergence of AI as well. The development of AI requires data to be fed to its machine-learning algorithms, which raises concerns regarding the management of this data. “Where is this data coming from? Where is this data stored? Who can access it? And under what circumstances? These are questions that traditional data protection laws are not equipped to answer” (Reuters, 2023). A study from Brookings states that “As artificial intelligence evolves, it magnifies the ability to use personal information in ways that can intrude on privacy interests by raising analysis of personal information to new levels of power and speed”. These factors lead to a sense of distrust with regards to the development of AI.",{"_37":2469,"_41":2470},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":2471,"_47":871,"_49":2472,"_51":2474,"_53":56,"_55":2475},"wQyi5nwE",{"_61":62,"_1462":2473},451.0791366906475,[],"ipfs://bafybeifxliwtnzaibcfim4fvxzkz3pxnbfhqxmrzohpvgqxlcothkrwdl4",{"_37":2477,"_41":2478},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2479,"_47":871,"_49":2480,"_51":2481,"_53":2493,"_55":56},"MoOuZPyh",{},[2482,2489],{"_43":142,"_66":2483,"_69":2485,"_49":2487,"_55":2488},[2484],84,[2486],88,{},"https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/73d417f9-en.pdf?expires=1715617817&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=86FECFA09E130658B94EDB002714DF79",{"_43":1986,"_66":2490,"_69":2491,"_49":2492,"_55":56},[2484],[2486],{},"Privacy concerns regarding AI can also be found in the workplace. A survey that the OECD directed at both workers and employers found that when AI is used in the workplace, and workers’ data is used to train the machines, workers are concerned for their privacy. This concern could be related to the nature of the data that is being collected, which may or may not be personal, but also to an increase in monitoring and surveillance in the workplace.",{"_37":2495,"_41":2496},[],{"_43":1459,"_45":2497,"_47":871,"_49":2498,"_51":2499,"_53":56,"_55":2500},"qNNLo5hN",{"_61":62},[],"ipfs://bafkreiaiyq3fk37suszkkmnllhthoq3cgeksch7igyf5i6ygz32jioukaq",{"_37":2502,"_41":2503},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2504,"_47":871,"_49":2505,"_51":2506,"_53":2517,"_55":56},"9LAQNVJA",{},[2507,2513],{"_43":142,"_66":2508,"_69":2510,"_49":2512,"_55":2456},[2509],453,[2511],468,{},{"_43":1986,"_66":2514,"_69":2515,"_49":2516,"_55":56},[2509],[2511],{},"To combat these risks, there is a need for the development of AI to be accompanied by regulations and ethical guidelines, however, it is developing so quickly that it is hard for legislation to keep up. Policymakers, technology developers and the public have to maintain sustained engagement and dialogue regarding AI’s impact on data privacy, and this dialogue is going to shape the future of AI-driven data processing and its impact on privacy rights (Reuters, 2023).",{"_43":58,"_45":2519,"_47":871,"_49":2520,"_51":2521,"_53":2522,"_55":56},"e-QfX_aJ",{"_61":62},[],"4.1. Privacy Risks and Surveillance ",{"_37":2524,"_41":2661},[2525,2542,2567,2585,2597,2620,2643],{"_37":2526,"_41":2527},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2528,"_47":871,"_49":2529,"_51":2530,"_53":2541,"_55":56},"1aKYf7KW",{},[2531,2537],{"_43":142,"_66":2532,"_69":2534,"_49":2535,"_55":2536},[2533],62,[1996],{},"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/07/ai-biggest-risks-how-to-manage-them/",{"_43":1986,"_66":2538,"_69":2539,"_49":2540,"_55":56},[2533],[1996],{},"Artificial intelligence poses more risks beyond data privacy. Chief Risk Officers surveyed by the World Economic Forum showed concern about the risks and regulations regarding AI. About 75% of the CROs said that AI poses a reputational risk to their organization, and 90% believe that more should be done to regulate the development and use of AI. One of the biggest risks that the CROs identified was the “malicious use of AI”, which includes using it to spread misinformation or access personal data. The WEF report said that AI is a serious risk because of its “opaque inner workings”, which means that very few fully understand how AI content is created, which could lead to the risk of sharing personal data or biases in decision-making based on AI algorithms.",{"_37":2543,"_41":2544},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2545,"_47":871,"_49":2546,"_51":2547,"_53":2566,"_55":56},"3z2hU-tj",{},[2548,2555,2561],{"_43":142,"_66":2549,"_69":2551,"_49":2553,"_55":2554},[2550],286,[2552],304,{},"https://www.brookings.edu/articles/algorithmic-bias-detection-and-mitigation-best-practices-and-policies-to-reduce-consumer-harms/",{"_43":1986,"_66":2556,"_69":2558,"_49":2560,"_55":56},[2550,2557],317,[2552,2559],349,{},{"_43":142,"_66":2562,"_69":2563,"_49":2564,"_55":2565},[2557],[2559],{},"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000384787","It has been proven that AI algorithms can contain biases towards certain groups. For example, in the U.S., judges have used automated risk assessments to determine bail and sentencing limits that have resulted in longer prison sentences or higher bails being imposed on people of color (Lee et al., 2019). The report “Missing Links in AI Governance” published by UNESCO cites other examples, such as OpenAI’s GPT-3 exhibiting a negative bias towards Muslims, as well as race and gender-related biases. The report states that GPT-3 powers over 300 applications in different industries, which means that the biases it contains can have serious effects.",{"_37":2568,"_41":2569},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2570,"_47":871,"_49":2571,"_51":2572,"_53":2584,"_55":56},"Fq0Pm6c5",{},[2573,2580],{"_43":142,"_66":2574,"_69":2576,"_49":2578,"_55":2579},[2575],106,[2577],126,{},"https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20200918STO87404/artificial-intelligence-threats-and-opportunities",{"_43":1986,"_66":2581,"_69":2582,"_49":2583,"_55":56},[2575],[2577],{},"The presence of biases in algorithms stems from how the algorithm is designed. An article published by the European Parliament states that “the results that AI produces depend on how it is designed and what data it uses. Both design and data can be intentionally or unintentionally biased”. Two of the main causes of algorithmic bias are historical human bias, and incomplete or unrepresentative data (Lee et al., 2019). Historical human biases that are factored into an AI model will result in the AI making the same incorrect judgements that people make. With regards to the data that is imputed to train the algorithm, if it is more representative of some groups than others, it could influence the algorithm to make predictions that are worse for the under-represented groups.",{"_37":2586,"_41":2587},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2588,"_47":871,"_49":2589,"_51":2590,"_53":2596,"_55":56},"p8r40Ekv",{},[2591],{"_43":65,"_66":2592,"_69":2593,"_49":2595,"_55":56},[2461],[2594],582,{},"The Unesco report “Missing Links in AI Governance” identifies three shortcomings of ethics in AI. The first is a lack of fairness definitions, the second is the lack of diversity, and the last is a lack of ethical standards. Making algorithms more fair would require fairness to be described mathematically, but doing so is a very complicated task, because fairness can have different definitions depending on the problem at hand. The lack of diversity is a clear problem in the design of AI, and Arisa Ema says “who is discussing it cannot be irrelevant to what is being discussed”. AI systems require diversity in both data and human resources at all stages of development in order to ensure quality and accuracy. Lastly the lack of universal ethical standards created a vacuum wherein “industry players are both defining and enforcing their own ethical norms”.",{"_37":2598,"_41":2599},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2600,"_47":871,"_49":2601,"_51":2602,"_53":2619,"_55":56},"P6Bee4nB",{},[2603,2608,2614],{"_43":142,"_66":2604,"_69":2605,"_49":2607,"_55":2579},[1795],[2606],212,{},{"_43":1986,"_66":2609,"_69":2611,"_49":2613,"_55":56},[1795,2610],408,[2606,2612],414,{},{"_43":142,"_66":2615,"_69":2616,"_49":2617,"_55":2618},[2610],[2612],{},"https://www.deusto.es/en/home/campus-life/news-events/news/las-personas-pueden-heredar-los-sesgos-de-la-inteligencia-artificial-0/noticia","Biased AI systems are a threat to democracy because it could create echo chambers that can further entrench people in their biases and prejudices. This is a threat that was acknowledged by the European Parliament, because the creation of echo chambers does not allow for a “pluralistic, equally accessible and inclusive public debate”, which could lead to further polarization. A study from psychologists at Deusto claims that not only does AI get biases from human data, but people can also inherit biases from AI, which risks getting stuck in a vicious cycle. ",{"_37":2621,"_41":2622},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2623,"_47":871,"_49":2624,"_51":2625,"_53":2642,"_55":56},"U0e-UayG",{},[2626,2632,2637],{"_43":142,"_66":2627,"_69":2629,"_49":2630,"_55":2631},[2628],105,[1628],{},"https://www.unesco.org/ethics-ai/en",{"_43":1986,"_66":2633,"_69":2635,"_49":2636,"_55":56},[2628,2634],352,[1628,1720],{},{"_43":142,"_66":2638,"_69":2639,"_49":2640,"_55":2641},[2634],[1720],{},"https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/recommendation-ethics","In order to address this power vacuum and lack of universal ethical standards for AI, UNESCO started the Global AI Ethics and Governance Observatory which aims to provide resources for policymakers, regulators, academics, the private sector and civil society to face the challenges brought about by artificial intelligence. These resources include the recommendations for ethics in AI which states that “in no other field is the ethical compass more relevant than in artificial intelligence”, because these new technologies are “re-shaping the way we work, interact, and live”. The Recommendations are comprised of values and principles that must be considered in AI, followed by a layout of 11 different areas of policy action, and lastly recommendations on monitoring and evaluation. The four core values UNESCO promotes are 1) human rights and human dignity, 2) living in peaceful, just and interconnected societies, 3) ensuring diversity and inclusiveness, and 4) environment and ecosystem flourishing. These values, along with the 10 core principles provide the basis for their 11 key areas for policy actions, which are more practical strategies that member states can adopt to regulate the development of AI.",{"_37":2644,"_41":2645},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2646,"_47":871,"_49":2647,"_51":2648,"_53":2660,"_55":56},"Juj8rPpU",{},[2649,2656],{"_43":142,"_66":2650,"_69":2652,"_49":2654,"_55":2655},[2651],168,[2653],227,{},"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai",{"_43":1986,"_66":2657,"_69":2658,"_49":2659,"_55":56},[2651],[2653],{},"Another authority that aimed to tackle the lack of regulation and ethics in AI development is the European Union. In 2019, a High-Level Expert Group of AI released the “Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence”. These guidelines consist of 7 key requirements that AI systems need in order to be considered trustworthy. These requirements are: 1) human agency and oversight, 2) technical robustness and safety, 3) privacy and data governance, 4) transparency, 5) diversity, nondiscrimination and fairness, 6) environmental and societal well-being, and 7) accountability.",{"_43":58,"_45":2662,"_47":871,"_49":2663,"_51":2664,"_53":2665,"_55":56},"EM2gt-7l",{"_61":62},[],"4.2. AI Risks",{"_43":58,"_45":2667,"_47":871,"_49":2668,"_51":2669,"_53":2670,"_55":56},"rVY58heS",{"_61":62},[],"4. Technological Risks",{"_37":2672,"_41":2729},[2673,2685,2692,2705,2712],{"_37":2674,"_41":2675},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2676,"_47":871,"_49":2677,"_51":2678,"_53":2684,"_55":56},"ymZetRns",{},[2679],{"_43":65,"_66":2680,"_69":2681,"_49":2683,"_55":56},[115],[2682],28,{},"“A vacuum of moral authority has been created by the lessening influence of cultural institutions and the widespread distrust of governmental agencies. Employees are rightfully turning and yearning for leaders with the courage to use their influence to stand up to those acting with seeming impunity. ",{"_37":2686,"_41":2687},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2688,"_47":871,"_49":2689,"_51":2690,"_53":2691,"_55":56},"ITz9HXvM",{},[],"The challenge though is that the cost-benefit analysis approach many executives are taught in business school doesn’t serve them well in this arena. Cost-benefit analysis does not scale and can prove an executive rather fickle when the winds change as they so rapidly do and have been. ",{"_37":2693,"_41":2694},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2695,"_47":871,"_49":2696,"_51":2697,"_53":2704,"_55":56},"E5ogrltv",{},[2698],{"_43":65,"_66":2699,"_69":2701,"_49":2703,"_55":56},[2700],85,[2702],190,{},"Today’s executives, confronted with navigating difficult social and societal issues, need to develop frameworks for decision-making that are rooted in their organization’s values and purpose. These frameworks can help leaders decide when and how to lean into the issues most relevant to their organizations, foster a shared starting point for conversations, and continue to make progress aligned with their purpose, however non-linear that progress might be.”",{"_37":2706,"_41":2707},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2708,"_47":871,"_49":2709,"_51":2710,"_53":2711,"_55":56},"aTvQgtGw",{},[],"Increasing economic globalization means that relationships with other countries are not only the concerns of politicians, but also of business executives and decision makers. The current trends and demands for ethics and sustainability in business must consider the risks not only for their business, but for the state of democracy in the world. As Dopfner puts it: “The CEO who makes virtuous speeches about ESG standards in the morning and then shifts a bit more of the company's production to China or Russia in the afternoon should decide for one of the two”.",{"_37":2713,"_41":2714},[],{"_43":44,"_45":2715,"_47":871,"_49":2716,"_51":2717,"_53":2728,"_55":56},"gm5fmWHd",{},[2718,2724],{"_43":142,"_66":2719,"_69":2720,"_49":2722,"_55":2723},[115],[2721],10,{},"https://www.brookings.edu/articles/democracy-is-good-for-the-economy-can-business-defend-it/",{"_43":1986,"_66":2725,"_69":2726,"_49":2727,"_55":56},[115],[2721],{},"An article from the think tank Brookings stressed the importance of business leaders being better informed about the relationship between economics and democracy, as well as the role they play in safeguarding democratic institutions (Williamson, 2024). ",{"_43":58,"_45":2730,"_47":871,"_49":2731,"_51":2732,"_53":2733,"_55":56},"zRWLVR9p",{"_61":62},[],"5. Impact on Business",[581],"/blog/the-crisis-of-liberal-democracy","2025-10-07T15:16:34.983Z",{"_176":880,"_624":881},{},{"_250":871,"_254":878},{"_45":858,"_262":124,"_125":2741,"_209":861,"_264":-5,"_265":-5,"_266":-5,"_267":-5,"_261":6},[192,860],1777379931676,[412,858,861,6],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MktVp5dhtDpWgGJYBHq8yabM1EbaXEpKn8uVk3tvEoUuUb/blog/the-crisis-of-liberal-democracy\",\"bafy2bzacecbhwkih64vx6dwvzr46r7cx6ub6k47dr5oin3lflomqu5yiwgfu6\",true]","ssrContentHTML","

Do the right think

Ethosfera es una fundación dedicada a la información responsable, la deliberación pública y la ética aplicada para fortalecer la democracia liberal.

Método éthos

Ethosfera ofrece un método propio –Do the Right Think©- que incorpora la dimensión ética en la toma de decisiones estratégicas. Se trata de una herramienta diseñada para ayudar a decisores públicos y privados a pensar bien ante dilemas complejos, deliberando sobre la mejor información disponible, integrando una pluralidad de voces y aplicando sistemas de razonamiento moral y ético.

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